Lotus/Intel/Microsoft Expanded Memory

When the IBM Personal Computer and MS-DOS were first released, the 640 KB limit that IBM placed on the amount of RAM that could be directly managed by MS-DOS seemed almost unimaginably huge. But as MS-DOS has grown in both size and capabilities and the popular applications have become more powerful, that 640 KB has begun to seem a bit crowded. Although personal computers based on the 80286 and 80386 have the potential to manage up to 16 megabytes of RAM under operating systems such as MS OS/2 and XENIX, this is little comfort to the millions of users of 8086/8088-based computers and MS-DOS.

At the spring COMDEX in 1985, Lotus Development Corporation and Intel Corporation jointly announced the Expanded Memory Specification 3.0 (EMS), which was designed to head off rapid obsolescence of the older PCs because of limited memory. Shortly afterward, Microsoft announced that it would support the EMS and would enhance Microsoft Windows to use the memory made available by EMS hardware and software. EMS versions 3.2 and 4.0, released in fall 1985 and summer 1987, expanded support for multitasking operating systems.

The LIM EMS (as it is usually known) has been an enormous success. EMS memory boards are available from scores of manufacturers, and "EMS-aware" software——especially spreadsheets, disk caches, and terminate-and-stay- resident utilities——has become the rule rather than the exception.