How to Create a FORTRAN DLL and Call It from Visual Basic

• Microsoft FORTRAN for MS-DOS and OS/2 version 5.1
• Standard and Professional Editions of Microsoft Visual Basic for Windows, versions 2.0 and 3.0
• Microsoft Visual Basic programming system for Windows, version 1.0

SUMMARY

This article shows you how you can create a FORTRAN Dynamic Link Library (DLL) for Microsoft Windows and call the procedures it contains from Microsoft Visual Basic for Windows. You must have Microsoft FORTRAN Optimizing Compiler version 5.1 (or later) for MS-DOS and OS/2 to create a FORTRAN DLL.

MORE INFORMATION

There are several steps to linking DLLs written in FORTRAN to Visual Basic programs. These steps are briefly described below and explained in detail later in this article.

First, create or modify the FORTRAN procedures. You can use Programmer's Workbench to create or modify FORTRAN procedures. You can use SUBROUTINE and FUNCTION procedures. The procedures must follow these rules:

• Use the default FORTRAN or Pascal calling convention.
• Use data types that Visual Basic can use. See the "Compatible Data Types in FORTRAN and Visual Basic" section in this article.

Now you're ready to compile the source code to produce an object file, and then link it to actually create the DLL. Note that Visual Basic expects all DLL procedures to take far pointers to values passed by reference. Windows also imposes some restrictions on DLLs. You can use compiler switches to create a DLL-ready object file, but you will need to have the appropriate static-link (.LIB) library to create the DLL.

Next, write the Visual Basic procedure declarations for each procedure. These will tell Visual Basic several things:

• The name and type of each procedure.
• The name and location of the DLL.
• The order and type of its formal arguments.
• The data type a FUNCTION will return.

Step-by-Step Example

1. Make sure you have the appropriate library. Check the FORTRAN\LIB directory for the file LDLLFEW.LIB. If you don't have this file, you will need to create it from your original FORTRAN program disks. If you already have this file, skip to step 2; otherwise, follow these steps:

   a. Be sure the LIB.EXE program is in a directory in the current PATH.

   b. Insert Disk 1, and run SETUP.EXE.

   c. Press the ENTER key to go to the Main Menu.

   d. Choose "Load or build additional libraries" from the Main Menu,

         and press the ENTER key.
   

   e. Follow the on-screen instructions to if you need to change the

         source of the component libraries. Then press the ENTER key.
   

   f. Specify the destination for the library files. This should be

         the directory where your combined libraries are already
         installed (probably C:\FORTRAN\LIB). Then press the ENTER key.
   

   g. Highlight "MS-DOS and Windows" in the Target Operating Systems

         list, and press the spacebar to select it. Deselect any other
         entries, and press the ENTER key.
   

   h. Highlight "Yes" to build FORTRAN Windows DLL libraries, and press

         the ENTER key.
   

   i. Highlight "Yes" to build combined libraries, and press the ENTER key.

   j. Highlight "Emulator math" in the Math Options list, and press

         the spacebar to select it. Deselect any other entries, and press
         the ENTER key.
   

   k. Make sure "Large memory model" is highlighted in the Memory Models

         list,  and press the ENTER key.
   

   l. You may select either "Yes" or "No" to include GRAPHICS.LIB in

         the combined libraries. Then press the ENTER key.
   

   m. You may select either "Yes" or "No" to include error

         descriptions in combined libraries. Then press the ENTER key.
   

   n. Select "No" to the "Install C dependent libraries?" question,

         and press the ENTER key.
   

   o. Select "Yes" to delete the component libraries when finished,

         and press the ENTER key.
   

   p. You may choose to rename any of the default libraries; this step

         does not affect the creation of the LDLLFEW.LIB file.
   

   q. Confirm that your responses are displayed accurately, and press the

         ENTER key on the "NO CHANGES" entry to begin building the libraries.
   

   r. Press the ENTER key to begin building the combined libraries at

         the prompt.
   

   s. Exit the Setup program when it finishes.

2. Create the FORTRAN procedures.

   a. Using Programmer's Workbench or another text editor, create a file

         called FDLL.FOR, and type the following code beginning at column 7:
   

         SUBROUTINE fsub (x [REFERENCE])
           INTEGER*4 x
           x = x + 1
         END
   
         INTEGER*2 FUNCTION ffunc (y [VALUE])
           INTEGER*2 y
           ffunc = y + 1
         END
   
         SUBROUTINE fstring (fstr [REFERENCE])
           CHARACTER*20 fstr
           fstr = 'Jack Be Nimble'
         END
   
      b. Save the file, but don't exit the editor.
   
      NOTE: This source code defines three procedures. The first, fsub, takes
      a long (4-byte) integer by reference. It then increments the long
      integer that was passed to it by 1. The second procedure, ffunc,
      takes a short (2-byte) integer by value, and returns a short integer
      equal to the value of the integer incremented by 1. The last, fstring,
      takes a string value by reference, and assigns the string "Jack Be
      Nimble" to the string passed to it.
   
   

3. Create the module-definition (.DEF) file.

   a. Using the text editor, create a new file called FDLL.DEF and type in

         the following lines:
   

         ; FDLL.DEF - Module Definition file for FDLL.FOR
         ;
         LIBRARY            FDLL
         DESCRIPTION        'Sample FORTRAN DLL'
         EXETYPE            WINDOWS 3.0
         CODE               PRELOAD MOVEABLE DISCARDABLE
         DATA               PRELOAD MOVEABLE SINGLE
         HEAPSIZE           1024
         EXPORTS            fsub
                            ffunc
                            fstring
                            WEP
   
      b. Save the file, and exit the editor.
   
      NOTE: This is a fairly standard FORTRAN module definition file for a
      DLL. A similar one can be found on page 136 of the Microsoft FORTRAN
      version 5.1 Advanced Topics manual. The most significant parts you
      will need to change for future DLLs you create are the LIBRARY,
      DESCRIPTION, and EXPORTS entries.
   
   

4. Compile and link the FORTRAN project.

   a. At the MS-DOS prompt, type:

            fl /c /Aw /Gw fdll.for
   
         NOTE: The /c option creates an object file, FDLL.OBJ, without
         linking. The /Aw and /Gw options are required to create Windows DLLs.
   
      b. At the MS-DOS prompt, type:
   
            link /NOE /NOD fdll.obj, fdll.dll, , ldllfew.lib, fdll.def;
   
         NOTE: The /NOE and /NOD options prevent loading of the default
         FORTRAN static-link libraries. When LINK is done, you should have
         a file called FDLL.DLL.
   
      c. Ensure that you don't have a file called FDLL.DLL in the
         WINDOWS\SYSTEM directory. Rename or move it to a different directory
         if you do. Copy the FDLL.DLL you just created to the WINDOWS\SYSTEM
         directory.
   
   

5. Write the Visual Basic procedure declarations.

   a. Start Visual Basic for Windows. A new project will load with Form1

         showing.
   

   b. In the general declarations section of the form, add this code:

         Declare Sub fsub Lib "fdll.dll" (d As Long)
         Declare Function ffunc Lib "fdll.dll" (ByVal n As Integer) As Integer
         Declare Sub fstring Lib "fdll.dll" (ByVal fstr As String)
   

6. Place two command buttons (Command1 and Command2) and two text controls (Text1 and Text2) on Form1. Arrange them so that Command1 is near Text1, and Command2 is near Text2. Add the following code to each command button:

      Sub Command1_Click ()
         Dim lngTest as Long
         lngTest = CLng(Val(Text1.Text))
         Call fsub(lngTest)
         Text1.Text = CStr(lngTest)
      End Sub
   
      Sub Command2_Click ()
        Dim intCheck as Integer
        intCheck = CInt(Val(Text2.Text))
        intCheck = ffunc(intCheck)
        Text2.Text = CStr(intCheck)
      End Sub
   
   

7. Add a third command button (Command3) and add the following code to its Click() event:

      Sub Command3_Click()
         Dim fstr As String
         fstr = Space$(20)  ' Pad string before making call.
         Call fstring(fstr)
         MsgBox fstr        ' Display the results.
      End Sub
   
   

8. Run the program. When you click the Command1 or Command2 button, you will see incrementing values appear in the text boxes associated with each button.

   When you click the Command3 button, you will see the message "Jack Be Nimble" displayed.

Additional Notes

DLL procedure and library names are not case sensitive to Visual Basic. Also, the Declare statements can be in any module in your project. If they are in a .BAS file, then they will be global to your project. If they are in a .FRM file, the DLL functions can only be called from within that form.

You may get a general protection (GP) fault when you call a procedure in your DLL. The most likely cause is that your Declare does not exactly match the FORTRAN procedure. Check these areas:

• Be sure you use Declare Sub for SUBROUTINE and Declare Function for FUNCTION procedures, and ensure that all arguments are of the correct type and match up correctly.
• Be sure you use the ByVal keyword in the Declare statement for any arguments that have the [VALUE] attribute in the FORTRAN procedure. By default, FORTRAN procedures expect all arguments to be passed by reference, and by default, Visual Basic passes all arguments by reference.

Compatible Data Types in FORTRAN and Visual Basic

The following table shows conversion information between some FORTRAN data types and Visual Basic data types:

FORTRAN data types      Visual Basic data types

INTEGER*2               Integer
INTEGER*4               Long
REAL                    Single
REAL*4                  Single
DOUBLE PRECISION        Double
REAL*8                  Double
LOGICAL*2               Integer
LOGICAL*4               Long
CHARACTER*n             String*n (Passed ByVal)