How to Print the ASCII Character Set in Visual Basic

• Standard and Professional Editions of Microsoft Visual Basic for Windows, versions 2.0 and 3.0
• Microsoft Visual Basic programming system for Windows, version 1.0

SUMMARY

The default font used by Visual Basic is the standard ANSI character set. To display the ASCII character set, which is more commonly used in MS-DOS-based applications, you must call the two Windows API functions GetStockObject and SelectObject. In addition, to display the unprintable characters such as TAB, linefeed, and carriage return characters, you need to use the TextOut Windows API function because the standard Visual Basic printer object does not display the unprintable characters. By using the Windows API TextOut function, you circumvent the Visual Basic printer object and therefore allow all the characters to be displayed.

MORE INFORMATION

Windows supports a second character set, referred to as the OEM character set. This is generally the character set used internally by MS-DOS for screen display at the MS-DOS prompt. The character codes 32 to 127 are usually identical for the OEM, ASCII, and ANSI character sets. The ANSI characters represented by the remaining character codes (codes 0 to 31 and 128 to 255) are generally different from characters represented by the OEM and ASCII character sets. However, the OEM and ASCII character sets are identical for these ranges. Under the ASCII and OEM character sets, the character codes 128 to 255 correspond to the extended ASCII character set, which includes line drawing characters, graphics characters, and special symbols. The characters represented by this range of character codes generally differ between the ASCII (or OEM) and ANSI character sets.

To change the selected font from ANSI to the OEM ASCII font, you must get a handle to the OEM character set by calling GetStockObject. When this handle is passed as an argument to SelectObject, the ANSI font will be replaced by the OEM ASCII font. This API function also returns the handle to the font object previously used. Once you finish displaying the desired characters, you should call SelectObject again to reselect the original font object.

NOTE: There is also an API function called DeleteObject. This function need not be called to delete a stock object. The purpose of this API function is to delete objects loaded with the API function GetObject.

Here is the syntax for the functions:

GetStockObject% (nIndex%)

   Specifies the type of stock object desired. Use the constant
   OEM_FIXED_FONT to retrieve the handle to the OEM character set.
   The value of this constant is 10.

   The return value identifies the desired logical object if the
   function is successful. Otherwise, it is NULL.

SelectObject% (hDC%, hObject%)

   Identifies the device context.

   Identifies the object to be selected. Use the return value from
   GetStockObject% (above) to select the OEM character set.

   The return value identifies the handle to the object previously
   used. This value should be saved in a variable such that
   SelectObject can be called again to restore the original object
   used. It is NULL if there is an error.

Step-by-Step Example

1. Start Visual Basic or from the File menu, choose New Project (ALT, F, N) if Visual Basic is already running. Form1 is created by default.

2. Add a command button (Command1) to Form1.

3. Add the following code to the General Declarations section of Form1:

      ' Enter each Declare statement on one, single line.
      Declare Function GetStockObject% Lib "GDI" (ByVal nIndex%)
      Declare Function SelectObject% Lib "GDI" (ByVal hDC%, ByVal hObject%)
      Declare Function TextOut Lib "GDI" (ByVal hDC As Integer,
         ByVal X As Integer, ByVal Y As Integer, ByVal lpString As String,
         ByVal nCount As Integer) As Integer
   
   

4. Place the following code in the Command1 click event procedure:

      Sub Command1_Click ()
   
         Const OEM_FIXED_FONT = 10
         Const PIXEL = 3
   
         Dim hOEM As Integer   '*handle the OEM Font Object
         Dim Y, H As Single
   
         '*save the scale mode so that you can reset later
         Saved% = Form1.ScaleMode
   
         '*alter the current scale mode
         Form1.ScaleMode = PIXEL
   
         '* get the character height and subtract the external leading
         H = Form1.TextHeight(Chr$(200)) - 1
   
         '* get the handle to the desired font
         hOEM = GetStockObject(OEM_FIXED_FONT)
   
         '* select the object relating to the font handle
         PreviousObject% = SelectObject%(Form1.hDC, hOEM)
   
         '* if successful then print the desired characters.
         If PreviousObject% Then
   
            '* establish border
            Edge$ = "0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 "
   
            '* initialize output location
            xMark = 10
            yMark = 10
   
            '* position cursor & print top border
            Form1.CurrentX = xMark
            Form1.CurrentY = yMark
            '* print top ruler edge
            T$ = "  " + Edge$ + "  "
            ret% = TextOut(Form1.hDC, yMark, xMark, T$, Len(T$))
   
            '* Cycle through 256 characters beginning at character 0
            For Row% = 0 To 15
   
               '* prep left border
               T$ = Mid$(Edge$, (Row% * 2) + 1, 2)
   
               '* assemble string of characters
               For Col% = 0 To 15
                   Ch = (Row% * 16) + Col%
                   T$ = T$ + Chr$(Ch) + " "
               Next
   
               '* prep right border
               T$ = T$ + Mid$(Edge$, (Row% * 2) + 1, 2)
   
               '* prepare for display at next row
               xMark = xMark + H
   
               '* print the assembled string of characters
               ret% = TextOut(Form1.hDC, yMark, xMark, T$, Len(T$))
   
            Next
   
            '* prepare for display at next row
            xMark = xMark + H
   
            '* print bottom border
            T$ = "  " + Edge$ + "  "
            ret% = TextOut(Form1.hDC, yMark, xMark, T$, Len(T$))
   
            '* reinstate the previous font
            hOEM = SelectObject(Form1.hDC, PreviousObject%)
   
         Else
   
            '* SelectObject was unsuccessful
            MsgBox "Couldn't Find OEM Fonts", 48
   
         End If
   
         '* reset the scale mode
         Form1.ScaleMode = Saved%
   
      End Sub
   
   

5. From the Run menu, choose Start.

6. Click the Command1 button.

ASCII and ANSI Character Sets

For a listing of the ASCII and ANSI character sets, see the Visual Basic Help menu.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is the 7-bit character set widely used to represent letters and symbols found on a standard United States keyboard. The ASCII character set is the same as the first 128 characters (0 to 127) in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) character set. The ANSI character set uses all 8 bits in a byte, and includes 256 characters (0 to 255). Characters 128 to 255 are sometimes called the extended-ASCII characters.

REFERENCES

1. "Programming Windows: the Microsoft Guide to Writing Applications for Windows 3," by Charles Petzold (published by Microsoft Press, 1990)

2. "Peter Norton's Windows 3.0 Power Programming Techniques," by Peter Norton & Paul Yao (published by Bantam Computer Books, 1990)

3. "Microsoft Windows 3.0 Software Development Kit: Reference Volume 1"

4. The WINSDK.HLP file shipped with Microsoft Windows 3.0 Software Development Kit.