How Virtual Memory Works on a Power Macintosh

• Microsoft Bookshelf for the Power Macintosh, 1996-97 edition
• Microsoft Cinemania for the Power Macintosh, 1997 edition
• Microsoft Close Combat for the Power Macintosh, version 1.0, 1.0a
• Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia for the Power Macintosh, 1997 edition
• Microsoft Excel for the Power Macintosh, version 5.0
• Microsoft Internet Explorer for the Power Macintosh, version 2.0, 2.1
• Microsoft Music Central for the Power Macintosh, 1997 edition
• Microsoft Word for the Power Macintosh, version 6.0
• Microsoft Works for the Power Macintosh, version 4.0b, 4.0c
• Microsoft Excel 98 Macintosh Edition
• Microsoft Word 98 Macintosh Edition
• Microsoft PowerPoint 98 Macintosh Edition

SUMMARY

Enabling Virtual Memory on an Apple Power Macintosh allows the Macintosh Operating System to reduce the memory requirements for Power Macintosh native applications. Installing version 1.5.2 (or later) of RAM Doubler from Connectix Software also reduces application memory requirements.

The reason for this behavior lies in how the Power Macintosh loads an application into memory.

A 680x0-based application stores executable code in the CODE resource and uses the Resource Manager to load CODE resources into memory. A Power Macintosh application, on the other hand, stores executable code in the data fork of an application. This way, a single program can run on a 680x0-based Macintosh and a Power Macintosh.

With the Virtual Memory option enabled (or with RAM Doubler 1.5 or higher installed), the Virtual Memory Manager on the Power Macintosh reuses the data fork of the application as a paging file to help improve performance. As a result, only the needed portions of code are loaded into memory, thus reducing the memory requirements of an application.

MORE INFORMATION

The following article was originally posted on the Internet newsgroup COMP.SYS.MAC.APPS. This article discusses how the Power Macintosh uses virtual memory. It also discusses how Microsoft Applications make use of virtual memory and how they use shared libraries.

USING VIRTUAL MEMORY WITH THE POWER MACINTOSH

The Power Macintosh runtime architecture was designed with virtual memory in mind; therefore, when you use a Power Macintosh, you should usually have virtual memory turned on.

NOTE: Apple shipped the Power Macintosh with the Virtual Memory option turned off by default with System 7.1.2. With System 7.5x, the Virtual Memory option is turned on by default.

How Applications Are Stored and Loaded on a 68K (Non-Power) Macintosh

On a 68K Macintosh, you give every application a partition size. This partition is used to hold the application's stack and heap. The heap is used to hold the following:

• Memory that is dynamically allocated by the application (that is, to hold the contents of the cells in a spreadsheet, or the text in a Word document).
• Application resources (icons, dialogs, alerts, some strings).
• Application code (note that code is actually just another resource, and Word and Microsoft Excel, for example, each have several hundred code resources).

NOTE: The above is true for all Macintosh 68K applications, not just Microsoft applications.

Microsoft applications go one step further and use technology developed especially for our Macintosh applications. This technology allows a Microsoft application to swap out more code that it would normally be able to. Basically, most applications cannot swap out any segment that contains code that's on the current call chain, because the code returning to that segment would crash if the code was unloaded; the Microsoft swapper unloads the segments, and fixes up the stack to point to code that reloads the segment. The result of this is that we can run in even smaller partitions than we would be able to otherwise.

How Applications Are Stored and Loaded on a Power Macintosh

On the Power Macintosh, things are quite a bit different. Power Macintosh code is not segmented into resources. Instead, the code sits in one large chunk (called a "fragment") in the application's data fork. (Macintosh files have two pieces: a data fork and a resource fork.)

Note that this configuration is what makes fat binaries possible: in a fat binary, all the 68K code sits in code segments in the resource fork, and the Power Macintosh code sits in the data fork. A 68K Macintosh knows only about the resource fork, but a Power Macintosh knows to look in the data fork (there's a special resource that says to look in the data fork that only the Power Macintosh loader knows about).

How Applications Are Loaded to Memory on a Power Macintosh

So the question is, with all the code sitting in one big chunk, how is the system going to load it?

When Virtual Memory Is Off:

If virtual memory is off, the system has no choice but to load the ENTIRE chunk of code that's in the data fork [in the case of Microsoft Excel, this means about 7 megabytes (MB) of code] into memory. That's right, no code resources, no fragmentation, no swapping--the whole thing goes into memory. To do this, the system increases the partition size you've allocated by the full amount of the code size.

Why does the system add the full amount of the code (after all, on the 68K Macintosh, the code goes in the partition anyway)? The system has to add the full amount of code for the following two reasons:

1. The code doesn't go in the heap with the other resources, it goes in a separate area of the partition.

2. On a Power Macintosh, you would typically need a bigger partition because stack frames are larger, but since there's no code, things roughly balance out.

When Virtual Memory Is On:

When virtual memory is on, however, the system does not have to load all the application's code at once. Instead, it "demand pages" the code from the disk using a technique called "file mapping." What this means is that when code is needed, it is brought in from the disk, and it can also be kicked out of memory to make room when needed. While there is no explicit segmentation of the code into resources, the virtual memory system divides a file into 4K chunks, and brings in and kicks out those chunks as needed. So, the system adds nothing to the partition size, and then it is smart about loading in code as needed. You might even say that when virtual memory is on, the system can pretty much do what it does on a 68K machine: that is, it can bring in code in chunks, and kick them out to make room for other chunks.

POWER MACINTOSH SHARED LIBRARIES

On a 68K Macintosh, it's very difficult to share code between applications. What this means is that if two applications want to share code in any non- trivial way, they typically must each include a copy of the code. That means that two copies of the code sit on your hard disk (and in memory if the programs are running).

The Power Macintosh makes things a lot better by adding shared libraries. Applications can share code by putting this code in a shared library. A shared library is loaded into memory only once, no matter how many applications are using it. Another benefit of a shared library is that if there is a bug in it, it can be replaced without replacing the entire application.

Microsoft applications take full advantage of this new feature of the Power Macintosh. We put the pieces of code that our applications may share in shared libraries. These libraries include the following:

• A dialog manager that is shared between Microsoft Excel and Word
• A toolbar button editor that is shared between Word, Microsoft Excel, PowerPoint, and Microsoft Project
• Support for Microsoft Mail in Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Project,
• OLE
• The Visual Basic, Applications Edition, macro language

Where the Libraries Are Loaded in Memory

If virtual memory is on, the libraries are "demand paged" as needed (the same way that applications are loaded).

If virtual memory is off, however, the system needs to load all the code in all these libraries when you start up the application. And, because these are shared libraries, potentially used by other applications, these can't go in an application partition; they have to go in the system heap. In the case of Microsoft Excel there are about 6MB of code in these libraries. Note that when you load other applications that use these libraries, they don't get loaded again (because they're shared).

REFERENCES

More information section taken from Internet newsgroup comp.sys.mac.apps on 10/6/94.

"Additional Tips and Troubleshooting," (supplied with every Power Macintosh), Chapter 1, pages 1-5

"Power Macintosh Native Environment Description," Tech Info Library, AppleLink

"Macintosh Reference," (supplied with every Power Macintosh), Chapter 5, "Using Hard Disk Space as Memory"