WideCharToMultiByte

The WideCharToMultiByte function maps a wide-character string to a new character string. The new character string is not necessarily from a multibyte character set.

int WideCharToMultiByte(
  UINT CodePage,            // code page
  DWORD dwFlags,            // performance and mapping flags
  LPCWSTR lpWideCharStr,    // wide-character string
  int cchWideChar,          // number of chars in string
  LPSTR lpMultiByteStr,     // buffer for new string
  int cbMultiByte,          // size of buffer
  LPCSTR lpDefaultChar,     // default for unmappable chars
  LPBOOL lpUsedDefaultChar  // set when default char used
);

Parameters

CodePage

[in] Specifies the code page used to perform the conversion. This parameter can be given the value of any code page that is installed or available in the system. You can also specify one of the following values.

Value	Meaning
CP_ACP	ANSI code page
CP_MACCP	Macintosh code page
CP_OEMCP	OEM code page
CP_SYMBOL	Windows 2000: Symbol code page (42)
CP_THREAD_ACP	Current thread's ANSI code page
CP_UTF7	Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000: Translate using UTF-7
CP_UTF8	Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000: Translate using UTF-8. When this is set, dwFlags must be zero.

dwFlags

[in] Specifies the handling of unmapped characters. The function performs more quickly when none of these flags is set. The following flag constants are defined.

Value	Meaning
WC_NO_BEST_FIT_CHARS	Windows 2000: Any Unicode characters that do not translate directly to multibyte equivalents will be translated to the default character (see lpDefaultChar parameter). In other words, if translating from Unicode to multibyte and back to Unicode again does not yield the exact same Unicode character, the default character is used. This flag may be used by itself or in combination with the other dwFlag options.
WC_COMPOSITECHECK	Convert composite characters to precomposed characters.
WC_DISCARDNS	Discard nonspacing characters during conversion.
WC_SEPCHARS	Generate separate characters during conversion. This is the default conversion behavior.
WC_DEFAULTCHAR	Replace exceptions with the default character during conversion.

When WC_COMPOSITECHECK is specified, the function converts composite characters to precomposed characters. A composite character consists of a base character and a nonspacing character, each having different character values. A precomposed character has a single character value for a base/nonspacing character combination. In the character è, the e is the base character, and the accent grave mark is the nonspacing character.

When an application specifies WC_COMPOSITECHECK, it can use the last three flags in this list (WC_DISCARDNS, WC_SEPCHARS, and WC_DEFAULTCHAR) to customize the conversion to precomposed characters. These flags determine the function's behavior when there is no precomposed mapping for a base/nonspace character combination in a wide-character string. These last three flags can only be used if the WC_COMPOSITECHECK flag is set.

The function's default behavior is to generate separate characters (WC_SEPCHARS) for unmapped composite characters.

lpWideCharStr

[in] Points to the wide-character string to be converted.

cchWideChar

[in] Specifies the number of wide characters in the string pointed to by the lpWideCharStr parameter. If this value is –1, the string is assumed to be null-terminated and the length is calculated automatically. The length will include the null-terminator.

lpMultiByteStr

[out] Points to the buffer to receive the translated string.

cbMultiByte

[in] Specifies the size, in bytes, of the buffer pointed to by the lpMultiByteStr parameter. If this value is zero, the function returns the number of bytes required for the buffer. (In this case, the lpMultiByteStr buffer is not used.)

lpDefaultChar

[in] Points to the character used if a wide character cannot be represented in the specified code page. If this parameter is NULL, a system default value is used. The function is faster when both lpDefaultChar and lpUsedDefaultChar are NULL.

lpUsedDefaultChar

[in] Points to a flag that indicates whether a default character was used. The flag is set to TRUE if one or more wide characters in the source string cannot be represented in the specified code page. Otherwise, the flag is set to FALSE. This parameter may be NULL. The function is faster when both lpDefaultChar and lpUsedDefaultChar are NULL.

Return Values

If the function succeeds, and cbMultiByte is nonzero, the return value is the number of bytes written to the buffer pointed to by lpMultiByteStr. The number includes the byte for the null terminator.

If the function succeeds, and cbMultiByte is zero, the return value is the required size, in bytes, for a buffer that can receive the translated string.

If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call GetLastError. GetLastError may return one of the following error codes:

ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER
ERROR_INVALID_FLAGS
ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER

Remarks

The lpMultiByteStr and lpWideCharStr pointers must not be the same. If they are the same, the function fails, and GetLastError returns ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER.

If CodePage is CP_SYMBOL and cbMultiByte is less than cchWideChar, no characters are written to lpMultiByte. Otherwise, if cbMultiByte is less than cchWideChar, cbMultiByte characters are copied to the buffer pointed to by lpMultiByte.

An application can use the lpDefaultChar parameter to change the default character used for the conversion.

As noted earlier, the WideCharToMultiByte function operates most efficiently when both lpDefaultChar and lpUsedDefaultChar are NULL. The following table shows the behavior of WideCharToMultiByte for the four combinations of lpDefaultChar and lpUsedDefaultChar.

MAPI: For more information, see Syntax and Limitations for Win32 Functions Useful in MAPI Development.

Requirements

  Windows NT/2000: Requires Windows NT 3.1 or later.
  Windows 95/98: Requires Windows 95 or later.
  Header: Declared in Winnls.h; include Windows.h.
  Library: Use Kernel32.lib.

See Also

Unicode and Character Sets Overview, Unicode and Character Set Functions, MultiByteToWideChar